Electronic Sensor Review
Electronics, Instrumentation & Electrical Database
Electronic Sensor Review
An
electronic sensor is a device designs to indicate or measure something about the environment which it is operating. This information or data is created mechanically or electrically and transmits the environment information by creating an electrical signal.
A classic and simpler example of a electronic sensor is the temperature control thermostat within a structure which is used to control the temperature of the structure. The thermostat measures
the temperature of the inside of the structure, and converts this to an electrical signal.
The electronic or electrical signal is then transmitted to the unit which either heats or cools the structures environment.
There are many different type of electronic sensors and these devices are used to measure relative temperature, light, humidity, sound
level, weight, strain, pressure, velocity, hardness, displacement, and many more. To measure each of these parameters a diff rent sensor is required.
Future Designs Inc.2GAS SENSING SOLUTIONS LTD9HK Shanhai Group1Innovative Sensor Te2
OmniVision Technologies Inc2
fresnel lens 81201l3g4200d, hmc5883l, adxl345, bmp0851
lis331dlh, i3g4250d, lis3mdl, lps25hb1lis331dlh, l3g4200d, lis3mdl, lps331ap1
tsop2136 и ик-диоды1
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Electrical and Electronics
Test and Instrumentation Equipment
Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS
EMI / RFI RFI Shielding
Electronic Switches and Connectors
Temperature Sensors &
Detectors
Electrical Electronic Devices
Level Sensors & Detectors
Flow Sensors & Detectors
- Self-Synchronizing Motors, or Synchro Equipment
Remote indication or control may be obtained by
the use of self-synchronizing motors - Practical Electric Motor Handbook
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Variable Output Devices
Used in Position Sensing
Sensors &
Detectors General
Electrical Meters
and Measuring Devices
Network Analysis Engineering Books
IEEE 1584-2018 Equations and Calculators
- Arc Flash Hazard Calculations Procedure and Considerations
For Medium Voltage System - Determining Arc-Flash Duration per. IEEE 1584-2018
- IEEE 1584-2018 Electrode Configuration in Equipment
Indentification - Intermediate Average Arcing Currents Equation and
Calculator per IEEE 1584-2018 - Arcing Current Variation Correction Factor Equation
and Calculator per IEEE 1584-2018 - Interpolation Equations and Calculator for Arcing
Current per IEEE 1584-2018 - Enclosure Size Equations and Calculator for Arcing
Current per IEEE 1584-2018 - IEEE 1584-2018 Electrical Bus Gaps Typical by Enclosure
Size - Typical Working Distances For Arc-Flash Calculations
per. IEEE 1584-2018 - Incident Energy (E) Equations and Calculator
per IEEE 1584-2018 for E600 , E2700
, E14300 and E ≤600 at
Voc = 14 300 V (J/cm2) - Intermediate Arc-Flash Boundary Equations and Calculator
for Arcing Current per IEEE 1584-2018 - Final Arc Current Equations and Calculator per
IEEE 1584-2018 - Arc-Flash boundary (AFB) Equations and Calculator
per IEEE 1584-2018 - Determination of the Arc Duration per IEEE 1584-2018
- Incident Energy (E) Equations and Calculator per
IEEE 1584-2018
Датчики — это группа автономных, законченных изделий, предназначенных для преобразования собираемой (измеряемой) информации в электрическую величину для последующей передачи в измерительные, или исполнительные устройства. Особенностью применение датчиков являются размещение их непосредственно в месте отбора информации, что накладывает определенные требования к конструкции, особенно при использовании в агрессивных условиях среды, а также взаимосогласованные метрологические и надежностные характеристики.
Классифицируются датчики следующим образом:
- магнитного поля, или датчики Холла. Предназначены для определения изменения магнитного поля.
- оптические, или оптопары с открытым каналом. Реагируют на изменение освещенности чувствительного элемента, в качестве которого используется, как правило, фотодиод, или фоторезистор.
- положения (расстояния). Реагируют на изменение своего положения относительно каких-либо объектов, либо положение объектов относительно себя. Могут включать в себя разнообразные чувствительные элементы. Например, индуктивный, емкостной, оптический, или даже механический.
- температуры. В качестве чувствительного элемента используется, как правило, термопара. Служат для измерения температуры.
- тока. Служат для бесконтактного определения величины тока в цепи.
- угла (энкодеры). Реагируют на величину поворота относительно оси. Могут использоваться в качестве управляющего элемента в дистанционном управлении.
- усилия (тензодатчики). Реагируют на усилие, прилагаемое к датчику. Часто используются в весовом оборудовании.
- ускорения (акселерометры). Реагируют на абсолютную величину ускорения объекта, в котором установлен датчик. Используются в оборудовании для определения положения объекта в пространстве.
- влажности. Позволяют определять абсолютную, или относительную влажность среды, окружающей датчик.
- газа. С их помощью производится измерение давления, скорости потока, концентрации определенных веществ окружающей среды.
Основными производителями датчиков являются Honeywell, Autonics, Analog Device, Silicon Logic, Burns, Heraeus.
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Internet Of Things
- Different types of applications require different types of sensors to collect data from the environment. This article takes a look at some common IoT sensors
- In an Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, two things are very important: the Internet and physical devices like sensors and actuators. As shown the bottom layer of the IoT system consists of sensor connectivity and network to collect information. This layer is an essential part of the IoT system and has network connectivity to the next layer, which is the gateway and network layer.
- The main purpose of sensors is to collect data from the surrounding environment. Sensors, or ‘things’ of the IoT system, form the front end. These are connected directly or indirectly to IoT networks after signal conversion and processing.
- But all sensors are not the same and different IoT applications require different types of sensors. For instance, digital sensors are straightforward and easy to interface with a microcontroller using Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus. But for analogue sensors, either analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) or Sigma-Delta modulator is used to convert the data into SPI output.
How do sensors work?
- Put simply, a sensor converts stimuli such as heat, light, sound and motion into electrical signals. These signals are passed through an interface that converts them into a binary code and passes this on to a computer to be processed.
- Many sensors act as a switch, controlling the flow of electric charges through the circuit. Switches are an important part of electronics as they change the state of the circuit. Components of sensors such as integrated circuits (chips), transistors and diodes all contain semiconducting material and are included in the sensor circuits so that they act as switches. For example, a transistor works by using a small electrical current in one part of the circuit to switch on a large electrical current in another part of the circuit.
Active and passive sensors
- Most sensors use radiation such as light or laser, infraredradio waves or other waves such as ultrasonic waves to detect objects and changes in their environment. They can do so by having an energy source inside them that enables them to emit the radiation towards their target object.
- This radiation is reflected back by the object and detected by the sensor — this is called an active sensor, for example, in the use of radar.
Different Types of Sensors
- Temperature Sensor
- Proximity Sensor
- Accelerometer
- IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
- Pressure Sensor
- Light Sensor
- Ultrasonic Sensor
- Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
- Touch Sensor
- Color Sensor
- Humidity Sensor
- Tilt Sensor
- Flow and Level Sensor
We will see about few of the above mentioned sensors in brief. More information about the sensors will be added subsequently. A list of projects using the above sensors is given at the end of the page.
Temperature Sensor
One of the most common and most popular sensor is the Temperature Sensor. A Temperature Sensor, as the name suggests, senses the temperature i.e. it measures the changes in the temperature.
- In a Temperature Sensor, the changes in the Temperature correspond to change in its physical property like resistance or voltage.
- There are different types of Temperature Sensors like Temperature Sensor ICs (like LM35), Thermistors, Thermocouples, RTD (Resistive Temperature Devices), etc.
- Temperature Sensors are used everywhere like computers, mobile phones, automobiles, air conditioning systems, industries etc.
Proximity Sensors
- There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors: Transmissive Type and Reflective Type. In Transmissive Type IR Sensor, the IR Transmitter (usually an IR LED) and the IR Detector (usually a Photo Diode) are positioned facing each other so that when an object passes between them, the sensor detects the object.
- The other type of IR Sensor is a Reflective Type IR Sensor. In this, the transmitter and the detector are positioned adjacent to each other facing the object. When an object comes in front of the sensor, the sensor detects the object.
- Different applications where IR Sensor is implemented are Mobile Phones, Robots, Industrial assembly, automobiles etc.
Ultrasonic Sensor
- Biosensors can be defined as analytical devices which include a combination of biological detecting elements like sensor system and a transducer.
- When we compare with any other presently existing diagnostic device, these sensors are advanced in the conditions of selectivity as well as sensitivity. The applications of these Biosensors mainly include checking ecological pollution control, in agriculture field as well as food industries. The main features of biosensors are stability, cost, sensitivity, and reproducibility.
Main Components of a Biosensor
- Usually, a specific enzyme or preferred biological material is deactivated by some of the usual methods, and the deactivated biological material is in near contact to the transducer.
- The analyte connects to the biological object to shape a clear analyte which in turn gives the electronic reaction that can be calculated. In some examples, the analyte is changed to a device which may be connected to the discharge of gas, heat, electron ions or hydrogen ions. In this, the transducer can alter the device linked converts into electrical signals which can be changed and calculated.
Working of Biosensors
- The electrical signal of the transducer is frequently low and overlay upon a fairly high baseline. Generally, the signal processing includes deducting a position baseline signal, obtained from a related transducer without any biocatalyst covering.
- The comparatively slow character of the biosensor reaction significantly eases the electrical noise filtration issue. In this stage, the direct output will be an analog signal however it is altered into digital form and accepted to a microprocessor phase where the information is progressed, influenced to preferred units and o/p to a data store.
